By Editor
About 60 per cent of Africa’s total trade costs originate from barriers within countries rather than at national borders, highlighting the scale of domestic inefficiencies undermining the continent’s drive towards deeper economic integration, the World Bank has said.
The finding, contained in the World Bank report, Integrating Africa: From Threads to Hubs, challenges the long-standing emphasis on tariffs and border controls as the principal obstacles to intra-African trade.
According to the report, customs clearance inefficiencies, regulatory fragmentation, weak logistics services, fragmented transit systems and inadequate infrastructure account for a significant share of the costs businesses incur before and after goods reach the border.
“About 60 percent of total trade costs stem from unilateral sources,” the report said.
“These costs arise mainly from domestic institutional constraints: customs clearance inefficiencies, unaligned regulatory frameworks, suboptimal logistics services, transit fragmentation, and poor infrastructure,” it added.
The assessment suggests that tariff reductions alone may not deliver the expected gains from the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) if businesses continue to contend with inefficient domestic systems and costly logistics.
The World Bank said additional costs also arise from barriers at border crossings, including differences in product standards, lack of mutual recognition of licences and permits, and weak transit arrangements.
“The key insight is that Africa’s trade bottleneck is not tariff barriers but regulatory and procedural fragmentation both behind and at the borders,” the report noted.
It argued that the continent’s integration agenda therefore needs to move beyond trade liberalisation towards making the systems governing trade work together more efficiently.
“This understanding reframes the integration agenda: reducing trade costs in Africa is not primarily about liberalization but is about making systems interoperable,” the report said.
The implication is that countries could have zero tariffs and still struggle to unlock significant intra-African trade if trucks remain delayed, documentation is duplicated, regulations conflict and businesses face inefficient payment and data systems.
The report posed a broader question for policymakers, saying: “Do not ask whether the border is open; ask whether systems can talk, whether trucks and goods can move, whether data and money can flow, and whether firms can operate across jurisdictions.”
For Nigeria, the findings carry particular significance as the country seeks to strengthen its position as a major hub for regional trade under AfCFTA.
The World Bank identified West and Central Africa as regions where cross-border road transport continues to face high logistics costs, regulatory fragmentation and limited competition.
Cross-border road transportation remains particularly important to small and medium-sized businesses involved in regional commerce, making the efficiency of customs, transport and payment systems critical to the success of AfCFTA.
Nigeria has recently taken a step in this direction after being selected by the AfCFTA Secretariat as the pilot country in West Africa for implementation of the Simplified Trade Regime (STR).
The initiative is designed to make cross-border trade easier for small-scale traders by simplifying procedures and reducing some of the administrative burdens associated with regional commerce.
Nigeria Customs Service spokesperson, Abdullahi Maiwada, announced the development, describing it as part of efforts to strengthen Nigeria’s role in advancing intra-African trade and supporting small-scale traders.
The move provides a practical example of the type of reform highlighted by the World Bank, particularly its call for simpler customs procedures and more interoperable systems.
However, the broader challenge extends beyond customs.
For Nigeria and other African economies to fully benefit from AfCFTA, improvements in roads, ports, rail connections, border infrastructure, digital trade systems, standards enforcement and regulatory coordination will also be required.
The urgency is underscored by the continent’s recent trade performance.
Africa’s merchandise exports increased 14 per cent year-on-year in the first quarter of 2026, making the continent the second-fastest-growing regional exporter during the period, behind Asia, according to the World Trade Organization (WTO).
The WTO, in its latest Global Trade Outlook, attributed the growth largely to higher exports of precious metals and gold, copper, fertilisers and ores, although cocoa and fuel exports declined.
Africa’s 14 per cent export growth matched that of South and Central America but remained below Asia’s 20 per cent increase.
The figures point to Africa’s expanding role in global trade, but the World Bank report suggests that the continent’s next challenge is to ensure that the gains from rising exports translate into stronger intra-African commerce.
For businesses, particularly smaller traders, the cost of moving goods across Africa is shaped not only by tariffs but also by the time, paperwork, infrastructure and regulatory uncertainty encountered along the entire trade route.
This means that the success of AfCFTA will increasingly depend on whether African countries can remove these behind-the-border constraints and connect their customs, regulatory, transport, financial and digital systems.
The World Bank’s assessment therefore shifts the debate from simply opening borders to making trade actually work once businesses cross them.